The Complete Guide to YouTube Ad-Free Viewing (Chrome & Safari)

How to Block YouTube Ads on Chrome/Firefox/Android/iPhone

Richard Bennett

Mar 27, 2024• Proven solutions

YouTube is unquestionably the world’s most popular video-sharing platform with a massive 2 billion active monthly users. With such a large audience, advertisers are pouring a lot of funds into Google’s video platform that makes up a big portion of the company’s advertising revenue. Unfortunately, according to the BI Intelligence Digital Trust Survey , YouTube serves up the most annoying ads with 43 percent of the respondents considering YouTube ads most irksome.

Every now and then you’ll get annoyed with the obtrusive ads and ask how to block YouTube ads. Getting away with the un-skippable and plagued 30-second ads during the playback or the onscreen pop-up ads that come suddenly on the playing screen will make your life miserable when watching a show or practicing a dance move. To help you escape the forced ads on YouTube we’ll go through the YouTube ad blocking techniques available. You will learn:

• Part 1: How to block YouTube ads on the computer (Chrome & Firefox)
• Part 2: How to block YouTube ads on the mobile phone (Android & iPhone)

Here is the video guide to help you block Youtube ads on the computer and mobile phone

Part 1: How to block YouTube ads on the computer (Chrome & Firefox)

In case you care about and want to support content creators on YouTube, you can buy the YouTube Premium which will also give you access to exclusive shows and will eliminate ads from your YouTube life.

However, as most of us won’t like the idea of paying for a free service, there are possible solutions of how to block YouTube ads in Chrome or Firefox. You will need to install a third-party browser extension proficient in blocking the annoying YouTube ads in Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.

1.Google Chrome

Chrome allows you to have extensions to enhance the browser features and interact more with the content presented to you. These third-party extensions or sometimes called Add-ons can help prevent the irritating YouTube ads to show up on the site. To install them, follow the steps.

• 1. Open Google Chrome browser and go to Menu.
• 2. In the Menu look for “More Tools” and in there tap the “Extensions”.

• 3. In the Extensions tap the “Main menu” at the left-hand side. It will show the menu here open the Chrome Web Store. Or you can simply open Chrome Web Store

• 4. You will need to sign in with your Google account if you’re not already signed in.
• 5. In the search box type “ad blocker YouTube” and tap enter. You’ll see a list of ad blockers available for chrome.
• 6. You will adblocker’s specifically for YouTube ads. Select whichever you like and it will block the YouTube ads on Chrome.

2.Mozilla Firefox

You can also install third-party extensions to block YouTube ads from popping up in the middle of the playback. To install the extensions, follow the steps.

• 1. Tap the Hamburger Menu on Firefox at the top-right corner and select Add-ons.

• 2. In the search bar “Find more extensions” type “ad blocker YouTube” and press enter.

• 3. Select an appropriate ad blocker and it will protect you from the irritating ads.

• 4. Tap the “Add to Firefox” to download the extension.

• 5. It will ask for permission, press “Add” again to grant the permissions.

Part 2: How to block YouTube ads on the mobile phone (Android & iPhone)

Ads can cause inconvenience and make YouTube watching a sour experience. To protect yourself from the constant nagging ads on mobile platforms both Android and iPhone you can utilize the numerous ad-blocking apps for Android and iOS. Though the simplest method of blocking the ads and watch YouTube content without ads is to use the Adblock Browser available both for both devices at Google Play Store and Apple Store. This technique won’t require you to root your Android phone or jailbreak the iPhone for watching ad-free YouTube videos.

1.Android

Android is pretty flexible and allows you to add many feature-rich third-party apps. Though there might be other options available to get rid of the irksome YouTube ads, the easiest and single app solution to remove ads is downloading an Adblock browser app that will act as your default browser when you try to want to watch YouTube videos. The steps to set up your Android to block YouTube ads are down here.

• 1. Click Here to install Adblock Browser on your Android device.

• 2. It is a full-fledged browser and can act as your primary browser for YouTube playback.

• 3. After installing the Adblock Browser your Android device may still try to play videos in the YouTube app.
• 4. To current that, open the “Settings” on your Android and go to “Apps & notifications” and press See all. In the apps find YouTube, tap in to see app info.

• 5. In the App info screen click “Storage & cache”.

• 6. Tap on “Clear storage”. This will clear all the cache and data of the app from the operating system.

• 7. Now your YouTube videos will be played in the Adblock Browser.

2.iPhone

On iOS, you can keep using the default iOS browser and still be able to block YouTube ads in the Safari browser app. You can add third-party ad blocker apps to disable YouTube ads on your iPhone and link it as the Content Blocker in the Safari settings. To activate the ad blocking feature, follow the steps.

• 1. Open Apple Store and download any ad blocker app you like.

• 2. Now come to the iPhone device Settings and go to Safari.

• 3. In the Safari settings, you will find a “Block Pop-ups” toggle button, activate it.
• 4. Right below the toggle button, you’ll see the “Content Blockers” tap to configure it.

• 5. The ad blocker app you just downloaded will be displaying under Allow these content blockers, enable it with the toggle button.

• 6. Now your Safari browser will block all YouTube ads during playback.

Conclusion

Ads can be annoying and time-wasting if you are being forced to watch them every other minute. YouTube is as addictive as its active userbase depict and during that addiction, anyone will not accept an interruption. To do away with the disruptive adds and block YouTube ads on any of your devices from PC to Mac, or mobile devices you need to have an adblocker application that will disable YouTube ads and make your video viewing experience smooth and relishing.

Richard Bennett

Richard Bennett is a writer and a lover of all things video.

Follow @Richard Bennett

Avoid Mainstream: Underrated Movies of the Year

There are many forms of temptation, but it’s hard to resist when it’s free online movie streaming or web series. Because of this, many people prefer to use famous free online streaming sites such as Fmovies in order to enjoy watching online movies without having to pay for them. Our search for alternatives begins when the site is overflowing with adverts and the design is no longer user pleasant. Because of FMovies unlimited content streaming, you may be annoyed by broken links and ads that interrupt your viewing experience. A solution has been found.

Today, we will discuss the greatest Fmovie Alternatives you should use in 2022.

7 Best Fmovie Alternatieves

We talk about the best Fmovie Alternatives. These are the following:

1.Crackle

Crackle has increased in popularity over the last several years and is a great alternative to FMovies for moviegoers. Sony owns the website, thus you have full access to Sony’s whole library. In addition, the website’s inventory is often updated, so you’ll always find something fresh to watch.

Users may also search for such a film by genre, actor, and title on Crackle, making it easy to find what they’re looking for quickly.

All users outside of the United States are restricted from using the platform since it is ad-supported and geo-blocked. A good adblocker can help you get rid of the adverts. However, the site’s performance may suffer as a result. So, if you don’t want to deal with ads, you may want to pay for a subscription.

Everyone should access the content they want legally, regardless of where they are. Crackle can be unblocked with a premium virtual private network if you’re outside the United States.

There is no need to join Crackle to create a watch list. Users of Roku, Firestick/FireTV, iOS, and Android devices can access this website. It can also be accessed via the internet.

Features:

• Website’s inventory is often updated
• Crackle can be unblocked with a premium virtual private network

2.MovieTube

More than just a replacement for FMovies, MovieTube/123Movies has a lot to offer. It’s a worthy successor to FMovies because of its extensive Bollywood and Hollywood films library. You may also view famous TV series in the resolution and quality of your choosing in addition to movies. If you’re looking for a website like FMovies in 2022, MovieTube is the best option for viewing movies online.

Its speed will astound you, since it is rare to come across a website with servers this quick.

Features:

• MovieTube/123Movies has a lot to offer
• Extensive library of Bollywood and Hollywood films

3.LookMovie

LookMovie, a new child on the block, is another platform comparable to FMovies sites. Aside from its relative infancy in the market, it has one of the most comprehensive content collections.

Streaming is quick and high-quality on the internet. It’s one of the few streaming sites where you may watch movies and series without interruptions. It’s great that there are no ads. There will be some detours along the way.

In addition, you can see the IMDb score and a summary for each film and programme, so you know exactly what to anticipate.

Features:

• Most comprehensive collections of content
• You may watch movies and series without interruptions

4.SeeHD

See HD is a free online streaming alternative to FMovies. Like FMovies, this site offers high-definition video. As a result, See HD has established itself as a top destination for anyone looking for high-definition movies and TV series to watch online for free. The only problem with this FMovies alternative is that it displays irrelevant advertisements.

It includes legitimate movie links and cautions viewers of the dangers of clicking on dangerous links. Nevertheless, this Fmovie Alternatives ensures that no dead or broken hyperlinks exist. There are a lot of movies to choose from at See HD.

StopAllAds is a good ad blocker to try to avoid interruptions while you view videos.

Features:

• High-definition video
• Includes legitimate movie links and cautions viewers

5.GoMovie

FMovies and GoMovies, two of the most well-known streaming sites, both allow free online viewing. It’s easy to see why this website has so many fans. GoMovies has an amazing selection of movies. Everything from action to comedy to historical will be available, whether you’re a youngster or an adult. You’ll be able to watch all of your favourite TV programmes and series, not just movies. This site, like FMovies, is always being updated and improved, thus it may be considered one of the top FMovies alternatives.

GoMovies allows you to download movies or view them online without having to worry about annoying advertisements. Using this movie’s alternative will make it impossible for you to exit.

Features:

• Allow free online viewing
• GoMovies has an amazing selection of movies

6.Movie Watcher

Movie Watcher is another excellent Fmovie Alternatieves. Movie Watcher is the go-to site for many people seeking for an FMovies substitute because of its enormous library of films in categories as diverse as action, comedy, romance, crime, and science fiction. Move Watcher is unique because it allows users to see how well a film is produced and then decide what they want to do with that information. If you like binge-watching your favorite shows, you may also locate American TV shows at this FMovies alternative.

Features:

• Enormous library of films
• Allows users to see how well a film is produced

7.GoStream

GoStream, one of the best sites like FMovies, is the last entry on our list. As with the other sites described above, this one focuses on providing you with the most recent movies for free, with a preview and an IMDb rating for each one of them.

However, if you’re looking for movies that were out in a certain year, your search may come up short. Streaming is as simple as clicking the “start” button when you see anything intriguing.

As a bonus, the videos load quickly and you don’t need a username or password to begin watching. Only a few redirections are included in this site’s advertising. Before you begin streaming, we suggest that you verify the quality of the movie, since some on the site are of low quality.

Features:

• One focuses on providing you with the most recent movies for free
• Videos load quickly and you don’t need a username or password to begin watching

Conclusions

There are no more Fmovie Alternatieves on our list. It’s not simple to replace FMovies, but you won’t miss it that much if you use the alternatives suggested. Be sure to forward this list along to your friends and family so they may take advantage of these top FMovie alternatives as well! Leave a comment with your top suggestion and we’ll have a look.

Try It Free

For Win 7 or later (64-bit)

Try It Free

For macOS 10.12 or later

Crackle has increased in popularity over the last several years and is a great alternative to FMovies for moviegoers. Sony owns the website, thus you have full access to Sony’s whole library. In addition, the website’s inventory is often updated, so you’ll always find something fresh to watch.

Users may also search for such a film by genre, actor, and title on Crackle, making it easy to find what they’re looking for quickly.

All users outside of the United States are restricted from using the platform since it is ad-supported and geo-blocked. A good adblocker can help you get rid of the adverts. However, the site’s performance may suffer as a result. So, if you don’t want to deal with ads, you may want to pay for a subscription.

Everyone should access the content they want legally, regardless of where they are. Crackle can be unblocked with a premium virtual private network if you’re outside the United States.

There is no need to join Crackle to create a watch list. Users of Roku, Firestick/FireTV, iOS, and Android devices can access this website. It can also be accessed via the internet.

Features:

• Website’s inventory is often updated
• Crackle can be unblocked with a premium virtual private network

2.MovieTube

More than just a replacement for FMovies, MovieTube/123Movies has a lot to offer. It’s a worthy successor to FMovies because of its extensive Bollywood and Hollywood films library. You may also view famous TV series in the resolution and quality of your choosing in addition to movies. If you’re looking for a website like FMovies in 2022, MovieTube is the best option for viewing movies online.

Its speed will astound you, since it is rare to come across a website with servers this quick.

Features:

• MovieTube/123Movies has a lot to offer
• Extensive library of Bollywood and Hollywood films

3.LookMovie

LookMovie, a new child on the block, is another platform comparable to FMovies sites. Aside from its relative infancy in the market, it has one of the most comprehensive content collections.

Streaming is quick and high-quality on the internet. It’s one of the few streaming sites where you may watch movies and series without interruptions. It’s great that there are no ads. There will be some detours along the way.

In addition, you can see the IMDb score and a summary for each film and programme, so you know exactly what to anticipate.

Features:

• Most comprehensive collections of content
• You may watch movies and series without interruptions

4.SeeHD

See HD is a free online streaming alternative to FMovies. Like FMovies, this site offers high-definition video. As a result, See HD has established itself as a top destination for anyone looking for high-definition movies and TV series to watch online for free. The only problem with this FMovies alternative is that it displays irrelevant advertisements.

It includes legitimate movie links and cautions viewers of the dangers of clicking on dangerous links. Nevertheless, this Fmovie Alternatives ensures that no dead or broken hyperlinks exist. There are a lot of movies to choose from at See HD.

StopAllAds is a good ad blocker to try to avoid interruptions while you view videos.

Features:

• High-definition video
• Includes legitimate movie links and cautions viewers

5.GoMovie

FMovies and GoMovies, two of the most well-known streaming sites, both allow free online viewing. It’s easy to see why this website has so many fans. GoMovies has an amazing selection of movies. Everything from action to comedy to historical will be available, whether you’re a youngster or an adult. You’ll be able to watch all of your favourite TV programmes and series, not just movies. This site, like FMovies, is always being updated and improved, thus it may be considered one of the top FMovies alternatives.

GoMovies allows you to download movies or view them online without having to worry about annoying advertisements. Using this movie’s alternative will make it impossible for you to exit.

Features:

• Allow free online viewing
• GoMovies has an amazing selection of movies

6.Movie Watcher

Movie Watcher is another excellent Fmovie Alternatieves. Movie Watcher is the go-to site for many people seeking for an FMovies substitute because of its enormous library of films in categories as diverse as action, comedy, romance, crime, and science fiction. Move Watcher is unique because it allows users to see how well a film is produced and then decide what they want to do with that information. If you like binge-watching your favorite shows, you may also locate American TV shows at this FMovies alternative.

Features:

• Enormous library of films
• Allows users to see how well a film is produced

7.GoStream

GoStream, one of the best sites like FMovies, is the last entry on our list. As with the other sites described above, this one focuses on providing you with the most recent movies for free, with a preview and an IMDb rating for each one of them.

However, if you’re looking for movies that were out in a certain year, your search may come up short. Streaming is as simple as clicking the “start” button when you see anything intriguing.

As a bonus, the videos load quickly and you don’t need a username or password to begin watching. Only a few redirections are included in this site’s advertising. Before you begin streaming, we suggest that you verify the quality of the movie, since some on the site are of low quality.

Features:

• One focuses on providing you with the most recent movies for free
• Videos load quickly and you don’t need a username or password to begin watching

Conclusions

There are no more Fmovie Alternatieves on our list. It’s not simple to replace FMovies, but you won’t miss it that much if you use the alternatives suggested. Be sure to forward this list along to your friends and family so they may take advantage of these top FMovie alternatives as well! Leave a comment with your top suggestion and we’ll have a look.

Try It Free

For Win 7 or later (64-bit)

Try It Free

For macOS 10.12 or later

Crackle has increased in popularity over the last several years and is a great alternative to FMovies for moviegoers. Sony owns the website, thus you have full access to Sony’s whole library. In addition, the website’s inventory is often updated, so you’ll always find something fresh to watch.

Users may also search for such a film by genre, actor, and title on Crackle, making it easy to find what they’re looking for quickly.

All users outside of the United States are restricted from using the platform since it is ad-supported and geo-blocked. A good adblocker can help you get rid of the adverts. However, the site’s performance may suffer as a result. So, if you don’t want to deal with ads, you may want to pay for a subscription.

Everyone should access the content they want legally, regardless of where they are. Crackle can be unblocked with a premium virtual private network if you’re outside the United States.

There is no need to join Crackle to create a watch list. Users of Roku, Firestick/FireTV, iOS, and Android devices can access this website. It can also be accessed via the internet.

Features:

• Website’s inventory is often updated
• Crackle can be unblocked with a premium virtual private network

2.MovieTube

More than just a replacement for FMovies, MovieTube/123Movies has a lot to offer. It’s a worthy successor to FMovies because of its extensive Bollywood and Hollywood films library. You may also view famous TV series in the resolution and quality of your choosing in addition to movies. If you’re looking for a website like FMovies in 2022, MovieTube is the best option for viewing movies online.

Its speed will astound you, since it is rare to come across a website with servers this quick.

Features:

• MovieTube/123Movies has a lot to offer
• Extensive library of Bollywood and Hollywood films

3.LookMovie

LookMovie, a new child on the block, is another platform comparable to FMovies sites. Aside from its relative infancy in the market, it has one of the most comprehensive content collections.

Streaming is quick and high-quality on the internet. It’s one of the few streaming sites where you may watch movies and series without interruptions. It’s great that there are no ads. There will be some detours along the way.

In addition, you can see the IMDb score and a summary for each film and programme, so you know exactly what to anticipate.

Features:

• Most comprehensive collections of content
• You may watch movies and series without interruptions

4.SeeHD

See HD is a free online streaming alternative to FMovies. Like FMovies, this site offers high-definition video. As a result, See HD has established itself as a top destination for anyone looking for high-definition movies and TV series to watch online for free. The only problem with this FMovies alternative is that it displays irrelevant advertisements.

It includes legitimate movie links and cautions viewers of the dangers of clicking on dangerous links. Nevertheless, this Fmovie Alternatives ensures that no dead or broken hyperlinks exist. There are a lot of movies to choose from at See HD.

StopAllAds is a good ad blocker to try to avoid interruptions while you view videos.

Features:

• High-definition video
• Includes legitimate movie links and cautions viewers

5.GoMovie

FMovies and GoMovies, two of the most well-known streaming sites, both allow free online viewing. It’s easy to see why this website has so many fans. GoMovies has an amazing selection of movies. Everything from action to comedy to historical will be available, whether you’re a youngster or an adult. You’ll be able to watch all of your favourite TV programmes and series, not just movies. This site, like FMovies, is always being updated and improved, thus it may be considered one of the top FMovies alternatives.

GoMovies allows you to download movies or view them online without having to worry about annoying advertisements. Using this movie’s alternative will make it impossible for you to exit.

Features:

• Allow free online viewing
• GoMovies has an amazing selection of movies

6.Movie Watcher

Movie Watcher is another excellent Fmovie Alternatieves. Movie Watcher is the go-to site for many people seeking for an FMovies substitute because of its enormous library of films in categories as diverse as action, comedy, romance, crime, and science fiction. Move Watcher is unique because it allows users to see how well a film is produced and then decide what they want to do with that information. If you like binge-watching your favorite shows, you may also locate American TV shows at this FMovies alternative.

Features:

• Enormous library of films
• Allows users to see how well a film is produced

7.GoStream

GoStream, one of the best sites like FMovies, is the last entry on our list. As with the other sites described above, this one focuses on providing you with the most recent movies for free, with a preview and an IMDb rating for each one of them.

However, if you’re looking for movies that were out in a certain year, your search may come up short. Streaming is as simple as clicking the “start” button when you see anything intriguing.

As a bonus, the videos load quickly and you don’t need a username or password to begin watching. Only a few redirections are included in this site’s advertising. Before you begin streaming, we suggest that you verify the quality of the movie, since some on the site are of low quality.

Features:

• One focuses on providing you with the most recent movies for free
• Videos load quickly and you don’t need a username or password to begin watching

Conclusions

There are no more Fmovie Alternatieves on our list. It’s not simple to replace FMovies, but you won’t miss it that much if you use the alternatives suggested. Be sure to forward this list along to your friends and family so they may take advantage of these top FMovie alternatives as well! Leave a comment with your top suggestion and we’ll have a look.

Try It Free

For Win 7 or later (64-bit)

Try It Free

For macOS 10.12 or later

Crackle has increased in popularity over the last several years and is a great alternative to FMovies for moviegoers. Sony owns the website, thus you have full access to Sony’s whole library. In addition, the website’s inventory is often updated, so you’ll always find something fresh to watch.

Users may also search for such a film by genre, actor, and title on Crackle, making it easy to find what they’re looking for quickly.

All users outside of the United States are restricted from using the platform since it is ad-supported and geo-blocked. A good adblocker can help you get rid of the adverts. However, the site’s performance may suffer as a result. So, if you don’t want to deal with ads, you may want to pay for a subscription.

Everyone should access the content they want legally, regardless of where they are. Crackle can be unblocked with a premium virtual private network if you’re outside the United States.

There is no need to join Crackle to create a watch list. Users of Roku, Firestick/FireTV, iOS, and Android devices can access this website. It can also be accessed via the internet.

Features:

• Website’s inventory is often updated
• Crackle can be unblocked with a premium virtual private network

2.MovieTube

More than just a replacement for FMovies, MovieTube/123Movies has a lot to offer. It’s a worthy successor to FMovies because of its extensive Bollywood and Hollywood films library. You may also view famous TV series in the resolution and quality of your choosing in addition to movies. If you’re looking for a website like FMovies in 2022, MovieTube is the best option for viewing movies online.

Its speed will astound you, since it is rare to come across a website with servers this quick.

Features:

• MovieTube/123Movies has a lot to offer
• Extensive library of Bollywood and Hollywood films

3.LookMovie

LookMovie, a new child on the block, is another platform comparable to FMovies sites. Aside from its relative infancy in the market, it has one of the most comprehensive content collections.

Streaming is quick and high-quality on the internet. It’s one of the few streaming sites where you may watch movies and series without interruptions. It’s great that there are no ads. There will be some detours along the way.

In addition, you can see the IMDb score and a summary for each film and programme, so you know exactly what to anticipate.

Features:

• Most comprehensive collections of content
• You may watch movies and series without interruptions

4.SeeHD

See HD is a free online streaming alternative to FMovies. Like FMovies, this site offers high-definition video. As a result, See HD has established itself as a top destination for anyone looking for high-definition movies and TV series to watch online for free. The only problem with this FMovies alternative is that it displays irrelevant advertisements.

It includes legitimate movie links and cautions viewers of the dangers of clicking on dangerous links. Nevertheless, this Fmovie Alternatives ensures that no dead or broken hyperlinks exist. There are a lot of movies to choose from at See HD.

StopAllAds is a good ad blocker to try to avoid interruptions while you view videos.

Features:

• High-definition video
• Includes legitimate movie links and cautions viewers

5.GoMovie

FMovies and GoMovies, two of the most well-known streaming sites, both allow free online viewing. It’s easy to see why this website has so many fans. GoMovies has an amazing selection of movies. Everything from action to comedy to historical will be available, whether you’re a youngster or an adult. You’ll be able to watch all of your favourite TV programmes and series, not just movies. This site, like FMovies, is always being updated and improved, thus it may be considered one of the top FMovies alternatives.

GoMovies allows you to download movies or view them online without having to worry about annoying advertisements. Using this movie’s alternative will make it impossible for you to exit.

Features:

• Allow free online viewing
• GoMovies has an amazing selection of movies

6.Movie Watcher

Movie Watcher is another excellent Fmovie Alternatieves. Movie Watcher is the go-to site for many people seeking for an FMovies substitute because of its enormous library of films in categories as diverse as action, comedy, romance, crime, and science fiction. Move Watcher is unique because it allows users to see how well a film is produced and then decide what they want to do with that information. If you like binge-watching your favorite shows, you may also locate American TV shows at this FMovies alternative.

Features:

• Enormous library of films
• Allows users to see how well a film is produced

7.GoStream

GoStream, one of the best sites like FMovies, is the last entry on our list. As with the other sites described above, this one focuses on providing you with the most recent movies for free, with a preview and an IMDb rating for each one of them.

However, if you’re looking for movies that were out in a certain year, your search may come up short. Streaming is as simple as clicking the “start” button when you see anything intriguing.

As a bonus, the videos load quickly and you don’t need a username or password to begin watching. Only a few redirections are included in this site’s advertising. Before you begin streaming, we suggest that you verify the quality of the movie, since some on the site are of low quality.

Features:

• One focuses on providing you with the most recent movies for free
• Videos load quickly and you don’t need a username or password to begin watching

Conclusions

There are no more Fmovie Alternatieves on our list. It’s not simple to replace FMovies, but you won’t miss it that much if you use the alternatives suggested. Be sure to forward this list along to your friends and family so they may take advantage of these top FMovie alternatives as well! Leave a comment with your top suggestion and we’ll have a look.

Try It Free

For Win 7 or later (64-bit)

Try It Free

For macOS 10.12 or later

Also read: